Government agencies are also monitoring entrants who may have come from countries recording the Omicron variant. November 19 Hanoi authorities scrapped the quarantine requirement for travelers from high-risk areas such as Ho Chi Minh City. Rather people that are fully vaccinated will have to self-monitor their health for seven days and be tested on the first day. Travelers that are not vaccinated will need to self-isolate for seven days and will be tested twice.
November 17 Ho Chi Minh City authorities have allowed bars, movie theaters, and massage parlors to reopen in low-risk areas from November 16, while motorbike ride-hailing services are also allowed to operate from half their capacity. Services in high-risk areas are still prohibited from resuming. November 12 Several provinces with lower vaccination rates such as Lao Cai, Phu Tho, Bac Giang, and Ha Tinh have imposed a number of social distancing measures including a ban on in-person dining, while Binh Thuan and Soc Trang have re-established pandemic prevention checkpoints.
Vietnam itself has temporarily recognized vaccine certificates of 72 countries to ease travel. October 28 Ho Chi Minh City resumed in-person dining at restaurants and eateries from October 28 though with pandemic prevention measures. Food establishments can only serve customers at 50 percent capacity and must close by pm. District 7 and Thu Duc City are allowed further relaxation measures under a pilot program until November However, passengers from high-risk areas or locked-down areas would still need a negative COVID test 72 hours prior to their flights.
October 14 Hanoi allowed the resumption of on-site dining, taxis, and hotels from October 14, though with pandemic prevention measures. Restaurants would be allowed on-site dining at half capacity except for businesses that sell alcohol. Businesses would be allowed to transport staff by company vehicles and those that are fully vaccinated or recovered from COVID and have a negative test certificate.
October 5 Ho Chi Minh City has allowed buses, taxis, and contract cars ride-hailing under nine seats to resume operations with limited capacity from October 5. Residents of Ho Chi Minh City that want to go out must be vaccinated at least once and obtain a QR code through the mandated health apps. If there is no QR code, residents must show proof by paper documentation. Businesses must also register to receive QR codes and receive employees using these codes.
October 4 Domestic flights resumed on October 1 under a four-phase plan. Flights resumed with localities that have relaxed pandemic prevention and control measures.
The directive includes eight groups of services that have been allowed to resume including manufacturing and trading, outdoor events, international organizations, and government agencies. Several business activities with capacity restrictions were allowed to resume including, offices, industrial parks, export processing zones, high-tech parks, barbershops, gyms, museums, weddings, supermarkets, convenience stores, restaurants only takeaway , and in-person grocery shopping.
Bars, spas, karaoke and massage parlors, movie theaters, nightclubs, street vendors, and lottery ticket vendors among others will continue to be suspended. Public transport in and out of the city also remains suspended. September 23 Ba Ria-Vung Tau province authorities will relax social distancing measures and move to Directive 15 from September Wet markets will also be allowed to reopen for selling essential goods.
September 21 Hanoi authorities eased restrictions from September 21 allowing several non-essential businesses to resume. These include barbershops, cosmetic stores, traditional markets, and shopping malls and allowing businesses including offices to resume on-site operations at 50 percent capacity. Travel permits for inner-city roads are no longer required while zoning and internal checkpoints have been removed.
Ha Long in Quang Ninh province resumed outdoor activities and lifted a swimming ban on September 19 after no cases for the past three months. Gyms, fitness centers and pool table services have also been allowed to resume operations.
Residents in these districts will be allowed to go to the market once a week while exercise in residential areas in green zones and small parks will be allowed depending on local authorities. City authorities have also reopened other businesses activities including postal services, computer stores, stationery stores as well as restaurants and coffee shops for delivery from am to pm.
Delivery drivers or shippers can also deliver inter-district from am to pm. Hanoi authorities have allowed food takeaway services and other shops to reopen in safe districts from September However, they must close by pm. September 14 Ho Chi Minh City authorities extended social distancing guidelines under Directive 16 until September 30, however it plans to allow shippers to operate inter-district from September 16 to help in the delivery of food and essential goods. Authorities plan further easing of restrictions from September 15 such as opening up businesses in essential businesses followed by semi-essential and non-essential goods.
September 9 Ho Chi Minh City authorities allowed the resumption of take-away and food delivery from restaurants and eateries between am and pm from September 9 within each district. Eateries can only use online delivery services. The city has also allowed supermarkets, grocery stores, and pharmacies to open from am to pm. September 8 Restaurants, coffee shops, and roadside eateries in Hoi An were allowed to reopen on September 6 but with 50 percent of customers and pandemic-related health protocols.
Hoi An began less restrictive social distancing measures under Directive 19 from September 6. September 6 Hanoi continued strict lockdown measures in 10 districts from September 6 while partly imposing it in five others which are considered high-risk for 15 days. Da Nang eased restrictions from September 5 and reopened traditional markets, take away restaurants and food joints in green zones.
August 23 Hanoi extended its social distancing measures until September 6. Ho City began strict social distancing measures under Directive 11 with the military manning several checkpoints.
Under these measures, people are not allowed to leave their homes. The military along with government authorities will also be responsible for distributing food.
August 16 Ho Chi Minh City authorities extended social distancing measures under Directive 16 for another month until September Nha Trang and Da Nang have banned people from leaving their homes for a week enhancing lockdown measures from August 14 and August 16 respectively. August 6 Hanoi authorities extended social distancing measures under Directive 16 for another 15 days until August August 5 Vietnam has cut the centralized quarantine period for fully vaccinated foreign arrivals to 7 days from the previous Arrivals must also test negative for the virus within 72 hours before arrival and would then be required to self-monitor for another 7 days after the quarantine period.
In addition, those infected with COVID and have certificates that they have recovered from the virus within six months would also have their quarantine period reduced.
The government is yet to provide further details and date for implementation. July 31 Da Nang and Hoi An will begin strict social distancing measures under Directive 16 from July 31, while authorities in Nha Trang have restricted movement at night from pm to am.
July 28 Bamboo Airways, Vietjet Air, and Pacific Airlines suspended most of their regular flight schedules from July 26 due to low demand and social distancing measures in several localities. Following Ho Chi Minh City, 11 southern provinces including Binh Duong, Dong Nai, and Binh Phuoc have implemented nighttime restrictions banning people from going out from pm to am. July 27 Hoi An authorities imposed social distancing measures under Directive 16 from July 26 after finding new pandemic clusters.
July 26 Ho Chi Minh City authorities have banned people from going outdoors at night from pm to am from July All activities will be suspended except for emergencies and pandemic-related operations. July 24 Hanoi authorities imposed 15 days of social distancing measures under the strict Directive 16 from July Ho Chi Minh City extended its social distancing measures under Directive 16 until at least August 1 with stronger measures in certain areas.
Because of the lack of recent transmission in these locations, the susceptible population is increasing and is now high, suggesting Vietnam is vulnerable to future outbreaks if chikungunya is reintroduced. Hence, chikungunya surveillance along with surveillance for other arboviruses, such as dengue, should be conducted in Vietnam.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Symptoms include headache, diffuse back pain, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, polyarthritis, rash, and conjunctivitis. Due to the similarity of symptoms, CHIKV can be misdiagnosed as dengue fever, especially in the acute phase. For some individuals, rheumatic symptoms can occur 2—3 months after the acute phase [ 2 , 3 ].
The primary vectors are the Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. These vectors also spread DENV, which explains why the distributions of these two viruses overlap. Once infected, as far as is known, antibody may last for life and individuals will be protected against reinfection for a long time [ 4 ].
The proportion of infections that are asymptomatic varies widely and has been reported to be 3. After the Tanzania outbreak, the virus began to be detected throughout sub-Saharan Africa, India, and countries in Southeast Asia, leading to numerous epidemic reports in subsequent years [ 10 ]. The first outbreak in Asia was reported from Bangkok in [ 11 ] and was thought to lead to the initial epidemics in Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Taiwan. In a — outbreak on La Re'union Island in the Indian Ocean, CHIKV started to present with very complicated manifestations, primarily associated with encephalopathy and hemorrhagic fever [ 12 , 13 ].
This epidemic also marked the first CHIKV deaths, as well as the first cases of peripartum mother-to-child transmission [ 14 — 16 ]. The second recent CHIKV reemergence caused outbreaks in Malaysia and various Pacific islands with ongoing circulation since [ 17 — 19 ]. Martin in the Caribbean [ 20 ], later spreading to 45 countries and territories in the Americas. The outbreaks in the Americas caused about 1.
From December to March , there have been over 2. In order to test for past exposure of infections in the population, IgG ELISA test is often used as it is commercially available and relatively easy to perfom [ 26 — 30 ]. These studies can provide information about the extent of present and past transmission and can help us quantify parameters of transmission.
With the results of the serosurvey we used a mathematical model to infer parameters of transmission in the four locations across Vietnam. We performed a systematic review by searching for information in international journals, national Vietnamese journals, and online news. For this study we selected age stratified samples from those collected in Geographic locations are shown in Fig 1.
The patients came to those hospitals as inpatients or outpatients; admitting ward for inpatients is recorded, but diagnosis and reason for visit are not. All samples were anonymized. Locations with recent outbreaks are shown in orange; Kampong Speu province in Cambodia and Champasak province in Laos The map was generated in R software version 3. In some of the older age groups, there were fewer than 15 samples in the serum bank.
However, each age group contained at least 10 samples. We assessed whether there were any differences in proportion positive by gender, sample locations, and original admission wards. We also calculate the age-adjusted seropositivity for each location using the direct standardization method with the Vietnam standard population from the World Population: the Revision online dataset, conducted by the United Nations [ 40 ].
All analyses were performed in R software version 3. The force of infection FOI is defined as the per capita rate at which susceptible individuals are infected by an infectious disease. The ELISA results of seropositives and seronegatives were stratified into 15 age groups, each spanning five years. The likelihood of a single positive individual in age group n is: 1. The likelihood of a single negative individual in age group n is: 2. We introduce index i end to the model to infer the last time period that transmission occurred.
For other time periods, a flat uninformative prior was used. The model fit was run for each index value and the 16 different models were compared using the DIC values. We fit the model using RStan package [ 42 ]. Further details of this model can be found in S1 Text. From the average annual FOI, we can derive the susceptible proportion over time. Our model assumes that the chance of being seropositive results only from transmission in that location, and that there was no inward migration or individuals acquiring infection elsewhere.
From to , the proportions of susceptible individuals in each age group were calculated for each iteration of the model by a formula: 3. For the time periods before we are able to estimate FOI from our data, we consider two scenarios. Full descriptions of definition with the 2 endemic scenarios are in S1 Text.
From to , the demographic data comes from the World Population Prospects: the Revision online dataset, conducted by the United Nations as above [ 40 ]. Another paper provided the estimated age composition data of — every 5 years [ 43 ]. The years in between were inferred using linear interpolation. Forty papers were found in different search engines and reviewed see Fig 2.
Further details of all abstracts are in S1 Table. One paper [ 44 ] was in PubMed but it was not possible to find the abstract. There were 3 duplicates between PubMed and Web of Science.
After further ruling out 20 irrelevant abstracts and 2 unavailable abstracts, the full-text of 15 abstracts were inspected. There are two references with information on fever of unknown origin in United States soldiers in Vietnam [ 45 , 46 ], which was already thoroughly recorded in another paper [ 47 ]. In the process of full-text reviewing, one more relevant Vietnamese paper [ 48 ] was found in the reference of another paper [ 49 ].
Finally, 15 papers were included. B Searching procedure in international journals and national Vietnamese journals. From the systematic searches we were able to assemble information about the past and current transmission of CHIKV in Vietnam. In August , there was an outbreak of hemorrhagic fever disease in children in the Mekong River Delta southern Vietnam [ 51 ], characterized by shock and a high mortality rate [ 52 , 53 ].
Serosurveys on a larger scale from consecutive years — also reported the proportion of seropositive people in Ho Chi Minh City as In summary, in , 10 out of American soldiers with fever of unknown origin in southern Vietnam tested positive by virus isolation to CHIKV [ 47 ]. Finally, a multi-year study reporting hemorrhagic fever cases in southern Vietnam, found 12 cases with positive CHIKV virus isolation from to [ 57 ]. From to , all tests in this survey were negative and after the survey was stopped.
In , there was a fold increase in cases with dengue-like symptoms compared to previous years and 60 percent of patients with classic dengue-like symptoms tested negative for DENV [ 59 ]. After , due to the CHIKV outbreaks in Laos and Cambodia [ 63 , 64 ], several studies were conducted in the border locations in Vietnam but showed no activity of the virus [ 49 , 65 — 67 ]. The positive samples were found between August and November , with one case from Ho Chi Minh City and three from Binh Duong province about 20 kilometers away from the Cambodian border.
Phylogenetic analysis indicated those four strains were closely related to the Cambodia strain which caused the outbreaks in [ 63 ]. In early , a news report stated that of 83 people with Zika-like symptoms tested across eight provinces in Vietnam, nine individuals from Can Tho City tested positive to CHIKV[ 65 ]. However, the test used was not reported. Or, maybe you've been ill and agree with people saying this is no ordinary cold - but the "worst cold ever" or a "super cold".
The retail worker from Bournemouth caught what she calls "the worst cold ever" at a festival. A normal cold for her would have "a runny nose, sneezing, a bit of a sore throat and feeling a bit rundown". Rebecca did lateral flow tests and got negative results, but was ill for more than a week, and was left wondering "if it's ever going to end".
It may not be Covid, but it is linked to what's happened in the past 18 months. She says the numbers have been as high as you'd see in a normal winter and the main reason is because of the easing of coronavirus restrictions. We think that that was primarily due to the restrictions on meeting up. Got my first cold since about January and I can confirm it's one of the worst colds I've had - 'freshers' flu' on steroids.
So while the lockdown rules were designed to stop Covid spreading, they also stopped other viruses moving between people too.
Now we're going out, meeting with friends and getting on public transport again, the common cold spreads again. Not mixing so much last winter has meant this year the government's trying to get more people than ever to have a flu vaccine. Health officials are worried as it will be the first year both Covid and flu will circulate at the same time, so they want everyone who's eligible to get it.
More than 40 million people across the UK are being offered a flu jab, including for the first time, all secondary-school children up to the age of Firstly, remember the three main symptoms of coronavirus. If you have one of these, get a PCR test. Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link. Section Navigation. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Syndicate. Minus Related Pages. All data graphs on this site are updated weekly.
0コメント