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Leave this field empty. Hypertension in children: an overview. J Denr Ed , Impact of amoxicillin prophylaxis on the incidence, nature and duration of bacteremia in children after intubation and dental procedures.
Circulation , Carmona IT: An update on the controversies in bacterial endocarditis of oral origin. Prevention of infective endocarditis guidelines from the American heart association. AHA Walker, H. Endocrine system is a collection of glands that produces these hormones necessary for normal bodily functions and regulates metabolism, growth and sexual development. Major physiologic processes controlled by hormones include 1 growth and maturation, 2 intermediary metabolism, and 3 reproduction.
Total prevalence of diabetes in the U. Glucose is not handled properly by body cells or stored appropriately in the liver and muscles. Net effect is persistent high levels of blood glucose, poor protein synthesis, and other metabolic derangements. Retinopathy with potential loss of vision 2. Mephropathy leading to renal failure 3. Peripheral neuropathy with risk of foot ulcers and amputations 4. Skeletal, joint, and skin complications 5. Autonomic neuropathy causing gastrointestinal, genitourinary, cardiovascular symptoms, and sexual dysfunction 6.
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular, peripheral arterial and cerebrovascular disease 7. Hypertension and abnormalities of lipoprotein metabolism 8. Xerostomia 2. Increased caries risk 3. Oral Candidiasis 4. Burning mouth or tongue 5. Taste alteration 6. Increased risk of periodontal disease 7. Acetone breath 9. Odontalgia, percussion sensitivity, pulpitIs, loss of vitality diabetes-related microangiopathy-specially with ortho Dental Considerations 1.
Good medical history recent blood glucose levels, frequency of hypoglycemic episodes, medications, dosages, and times of administration 2. Consult with physician if necessary 5. Aggressive periodontal care - infection management 8. Palliative care for dry mouth using salivary substitutes 9.
Modify treatment based on systemic complications - renal, cardiac, ocular, neurologic 3. Thyroxine T4 , triiodothyronine T3 affecting metabolic processes throughout the body, 2. Calcitonin involved in regulating serum calcium and phosphorous levels and skeletal remodeling. Incidence increases with age 3.
The annual incidence of hypothyroidism in adults is approximately 0. Characterized by a generalized reduction in metabolic function that most often manifests as a slowing of physical and mental activity, 2. In very young infants, hypothyroidism can result in irreversible mental retardation and slowed physical growth. Myxedema coma: rare, life-threatening condition resulting from the progressive deterioration of thyroid function. Medical conditions associated with hypothyroidism include anemia, dilutional hyponatremia, and hyperlipidemia 3.
A comprehensive history and physical examination to evaluate signs and symptoms 2. The treatment of routine hypothyroidism depends on the underlying cause of the disease 2.
Enlarged tongue 2. Delayed dental development and tooth eruption 3. Malocclusion, 4. Gingival edema 5. Delayed skeletal development 6. Good medical history 2. Sensitivity to stress, infection, surgery 3.
Sensitive to some drugs such as sedatives and opioid analgesics 4. Myxedema coma signs include hypothermia, bradycardia, hypotension, seizures 5. Thyrotoxicosis is a general term referring to all causes of excess thyroid hormone in the body, including exogenous intake of thyroid hormone preparations 2.
Excessive intake of thyroid hormones 3. A tumor in the pituitary gland abnormal secretion of TSH 4. Thyroiditis 6. Excessive iodine intake 7. Symptoms of rapid heart rate, intense fatigue, inability to tolerate a hot environment, and constant nervousness, jitteriness, or irritability 2.
Physical signs such as weight loss, rapid heartbeat, slight tremors of the hands, or excessive sweating 3. Blood tests: abnormally high levels of T3 and T4 and an unusually low level of circulating thyroid stimulating hormone 4. Osteoporosis may be found involving the alveolar bone 2. Dental caries and periodontal disease appear more rapidly in these patients 3. Premature loss of the deciduous teeth with early eruption of the permanent teeth is common 5. Euthyroid infants of hyperthyroid mothers have been reported with erupted teeth at births 6.
Primary AI good prognosis with treatment 2. Hyperpigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes 2. Delayed healing 3. Infection Dental Considerations 1. Be aware of early warning signs of adrenal crisis 2. Hypercortisolism caused by excessive corticotropin ACTH secretion by tumors in the pituitary gland Cushing disease 2.
ACTH-independent cortisol secretion from adrenal tumors 3. Dexamethasone suppression test 3. Serum cortisol levels 4. Saliva cortisol levels 5. Surgical resection of tumor is the optimal treatment for all forms of Cushing syndrome; 2. Osteoporosis 2. Susceptibility to fracture 2. Implants contraindicated IV.
Regulates serum calcium through a negative feedback mechanism 2. A decrease in serum calcium stimulates secretion of PTH 3. Renal calcium stones 3. Gastric distress 4. Paresthesia of distal extremities 3.
Laryngospasm 4. Genetic defects 2. Pituitary tumors 3. Inadequate blood supply to pituitary gland 4. Amyloidosis - a rare disease which causes the buildup of amyloid, a protein and starch, in tissues and organs 7. Radiation therapy 8. Surgical removal of pituitary tissue 9.
Head injuries 4. Fatigue and weakness 2. Decreased appetite and weight loss 3. Cold sensitivity 4. Abdominal pain and headache 5. Visual disturbances - blurred vision, blindness 6. Loss of body hair 7. Short stature 8. Infertility and loss of libido 9. Prevalence of 1 case in children 2.
Computed tomography 2. Magnetic resonance imaging MRI 3. Characteristic facies frontal bossing, enlargement of nose and lips 2. Prognathism 3. Malocclusion 4. Increased spacing between the teeth intradental separation 5. Macroglossia 6. Temporomandibular arthritis 7. Macrodontia Dental Considerations 1. Consult with physician as appropriate 2. SBE consideration 3. Management of craniofacial abnormalities 4. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. Philadelphia: W. Saunders; Little, James W. Thyroid Disorders.
Part I: Hyperthyroidism, Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology and endodontics. Vaughan, ED Jr. Diseases of the adrenal gland. Med Clin North Am. Sanders, B. Chapter 24, 8 th edition Lippincott Williams and Wilkens Hereditary blood coagulation disorders: Management and dental treatment.
Buchanan GR. Thrombocytopenia during childhood: What the Pediatrician Needs to Know. Karp, R. Scully C. Elsevier Science Limited: London, Emedicine from WebMD. Accessed on April 20, Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. Saunders Company: Philadelphia, Contemporary Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. Mosby: St. Accessed on April 18, Accessed on April 23, DaFonseca, A.
Once the damage is past the point of compensation, its function is initially mildly to moderately diminished, resulting in an impaired ability to maintain the internal environment. The kidney function deteriorates to the point of chronic abnormalities in the internal environment thus normal homeostasis cannot be maintained leading, for example, to metabolic acidosis and hypocalcemia.
The most common known causes of ESRD are diabetes mellitus, hypertension and chronic glomerulonephritis. The most common cause of death in renal disease is cardiovascular complications, followed by infection and malignancy. PD does not require heparinization, decreases the incidence of blood-borne disease and allows the patient greater freedom than hemodialysis.
The patient is given anticoagulants e. Patients will be on long-term immunosuppressive drugs to prevent graft rejection which put them at risk for opportunistic infections and neoplasms. Review of systems: a. Cause and severity of the renal disease C. Medical management: a. Deferral of treatment may be needed until disease is adequately controlled. In most cases when the disease is well controlled, there are no contraindications for routine dental care.
Prioritizing procedures: 1. Daschner M. Drug dosage in children with reduced renal function. Pediatr Nephrol ; Kerr AR. Update on renal disease for the dental practitioner. Oro-dental health in children with chronic renal failure and after renal transplantation: a clinical review. Oral and dental aspects of chronic renal failure.
J Dent Res ; Antibiotic prophylaxis in dialysis patients undergoing invasive dental treatment. Nephrol ; Prophylactic antibiotic therapy prior to dental treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease.
Spec Care Dent ; Kay, C. Killian, R. Children start out with slightly smaller heads than average, then undergo explosive brain growth with the more severe cases having more severe brain growth.
Organic Causes—prenatal, chromosomal, maternal age, radiation 2. Endocrine Disorder 5. Perinatal Complications—prematurity, prenatal anoxia 6.
Postnatal—traumatic brain injury, encephalitis, meningitis Signs and Symptoms—mental retardation is not a disease entity in itself but rather a symptom of a central nervous system disorder. It rarely occurs as the only symptom and can be associated with physical and psychological abnormalities such as epilepsy, cerebral palsy, orofacial deformities and emotional problems. Common site of origin is within the frontal or temporal lobes 2.
Patient may experience abnormalities of taste or smell aura 3. Seizure activity may have a variety of presentations e. Most common form is the tonic-clonic seizure Grand Mal 2. Involves all extremities 3. Consciousness is lost abruptly 4. Aura or prodromal mood change 5. Post-ictal phase is characterized by atonia and incontinence 6. Patient regains consciousness, is confused and then usually falls into a deep sleep 7. Chair supine and fully down 2. Rolled towel under shoulders 2.
Suction airway 3. Vital signs 4. Encephalopathy 2. Neuropathy 3. Short stature 6. Disorders of extraocular muscles 7. Diabetes 8. Renal tubular disease 9. Visual Loss Lactic Acidosis Parental education regarding oral health care — hygiene, diet 2. Increased frequency of preventive visits 3. Congenital — present from birth 2. Genetic inheritance aqueductal stenosis 2.
Head trauma 4. Meningitis 5. Rapid increase in head circumference in infants 2. Vomiting 3. Seizures 4. Sleepiness 6. Irritability 7. Blurred vision 8. Most common neuromuscular disease of childhood 2. X-linked recessive primarily affects boys 3. Prevalence rates ranging from 19 to 95 per million 4.
Onset: early childhood - about 2 to 6 years 5. Ambulation usually not possible by 12 years of age 6. Universally fatal, with death usually occurring from respiratory or cardiac complications prior to 30 years 7. In essence it is the language of deaf people.
ADHD Websites: www. Mitachondrial Disorders Websites: www. Neural Tube Defect Websites: www. Hydrocephalus Websites: www. Droolong of saliva: A review of etiology and management options. Krigger KW. Cerebral Palsy: An overview. Am Fam Physician , Narang A, Maguire A et al. Arch Dis Child. Dyment H and Casas M. Dental care for children fed by tube: a critical review. SCD Special care in dentistry , Hennequin M, Faulks D et al. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology.
Growth and health in children with moderate-to-severe cerebral palsy. Autism-A review of the state of the science for pediatric primary health care clinicians.
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Braaten EB and Norman D. Intelligence IQ Testing. Amini, K. Boyd, K. Crews, N. Eklund, P. Kittle, H. Needleman, W. Self-medication with over the counter medications to control pain may cause unforeseen harm to the woman and possibly to the fetus 2. Sometimes this means direct sexual contact, such as intercourse, other genital contact or touching. Children many times are not forced into the sexual situation, but rather they are persuaded, bribed, tricked or coerced.
These needs include nutritious food, adequate shelter, clothing, cleanliness, emotional support, love and affection, education, safety, and medical and dental care. These undesirable outcomes can adversely affect learning, communication, nutrition, and other activities necessary for normal growth and development. Medically, dependence requires the development of tolerance leading to withdrawal symptoms. Both abuse and dependence are distinct from addiction which involves compulsion to continue using the substance despite the negative consequences, and may or may not involve chemical dependency.
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